The minimum central pressure estimated from hurricane hunter Aircraft data is 943 millibars, which dropped from 946 millibars at 8 a.m. EDT. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory's QuikSCAT. A new inlet was cut across the island, connected the Atlantic Ocean and the Jones Tide Pond. The tropical cyclone produced high winds, coastal storm surges, heavy rains, and flooding in the land areas over which it passed. Other watches and warnings for gale, storm and high winds are in force to the north of the tropical storm warning area and issued by the National Weather Service. [image-380][image-396][image-412]NASA's TRMM satellite revealed Hurricane Sandy's heavy rainfall and the storm is expected to couple with a powerful cold front and Arctic air to bring that heavy rainfall to the Mid-Atlantic and northeastern U.S. NASA's TRMM Satellite Sees Sandy Drench Jamaica and Eastern Cuba The MPA monitors rainfall over a large area of the globe (from 60 degrees North latitude to 60 degrees South latitude). The reported death toll from hurricane Sandy's flooding and high winds has now reached above 120. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite captured a visible image Sandy's massive circulation on Oct. 29 at 18:20 UTC (2:20 p.m. EDT). received some heavy snow from western Md. NASA-NOAA’s Suomi NPP satellite passed over the Southern Pacific Ocean and provided forecasters with a visible image of newly formed Tropical Cyclone Harold. Oct. 27, 2012 - NASA Satellites See Sandy Become a Hurricane Again and Strong Winds Expand [image-252][image-268]NOAA's GOES-13 Satellite Shows Sandy's Extent On the left is from August 2012 after completion of a Shoreline Protection Project. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. NOAA's HPC forecast on Oct. 29 calls for Sandy to move in a "west-northwest motion with reduced forward speed is expected today into western Penn. This video shows Hurricane Sandy as seen from the International Space Station. [image-220][image-348][image-364]Sandy weakened to a Tropical Storm and strengthened back into a hurricane early on Saturday Oct. 27, and its pressure was dropping, meaning that the storm is intensifying as it becomes an extra-tropical storm. Sandy is a category one hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane wind scale. The GOES-13 satellite is managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and NASA's GOES Project at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. At 2 a.m. EDT, on Oct. 29, Sandy's center was located just south of Lancaster, Penn. The Appalachian Mtns. Hurricane Sandy is expected to bring heavy rainfall to the Mid-Atlantic and northeastern U.S., and snowfall to the mountain areas. Hurricane Sandy has caused significant damage in New York City and along the Mid-Atlantic coast. Sandy is located near latitude 22.4 north and longitude 75.5 west. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. This 3-D perspective showed powerful storms near the center were reaching altitudes of over 14 km (~8.7 miles). Sandy is a category two hurricane on the saffir- Simpson hurricane wind scale. The National Hurricane Center warned early on Sunday, Oct. 28, that "Sandy expected to bring life-threatening storm surge flooding to the Mid-Atlantic coast including Long Island sound and New York Harbor, winds expected to be near hurricane force at landfall." According to NHC forecasters, the center of Sandy is expected to move across Jamaica by late this afternoon and evening today, Oct. 24 and move near or over eastern Cuba late tonight and Thursday morning. Gale warnings and small craft advisories are in effect for portions of the great lakes. The National Hurricane Center will provide updates on Dorian's strength and path every three hours. Tropical-storm-force winds extended as far inland as the central and southern Chesapeake Bay as Hurricane Sandy closed in for landfall. Text credit: Rob Gutro On Oct. 25 at 10:25 a.m. EDT, NASA's TRMM satellite saw that rain associated with Hurricane Sandy storm's center, was moderate (in green and blue) and falling at a rate of 20 to 40 mm/hr. Storm warnings are in effect for portions of the Mid-Atlantic coastal waters. Rain and Snowfall Forecasts from NOAA Comparisons are being made to the Perfect Storm of 1991, but many folks won't remember that. Where is Sandy on Sunday, Oct. 28? A Hurricane Warning is in effect for Jamaica, the Cuban Provinces of Camaguey, Las Tunas, Granma, Santiago De Cuba, Holguin, and Guantanamo. NASA satellites will continue to provide forecasters at the National Hurricane Center with infrared, visible, cloud height, temperature and rainfall data as Sandy continues to affect the U.S. East Coast. The hurricane-force-winds extended 90 miles (150 km) east of the center of circulation. Earlier, NASA's CloudSat satellite passed over Hurricane Sandy and its radar dissected the storm get a profile or sideways look at the storm. However, on Monday, Oct. 28, Sandy is expected to be drawn back to the coast by a low pressure area and turn north and northwest. A Tropical Storm Watch is in effect for the Savannah River to South Santee Rive, the Florida east coast from north of Saint Augustine to Fernandina Beach and Bermuda. Tropical disturbance When the water vapor from the warm ocean condenses to form clouds, it releases its heat to the air. What percentage of tropical storms eventually develop NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. TRMM noticed that the developing depression had a "hot towering" thunderstorm over 9.3 miles (15 kilometers) high. As a storm weakens, it tends to grow larger, so forecasters are closely watching Sandy. The strong winds and pressure from this type of severe storm causes storm surge, a series of long waves that are created far from shore in deeper water and intensify as they move closer to land. This visible image of Tropical Depression 18 was taken from NOAA's GOES-13 satellite on Oct. 22 at 1145 UTC (7:45 a.m. EDT) just before it was classified as a depression. According to NHC, the depression is expected to drift westward and the turn to the north-northeast on Oct. 23 and 24. Text credit: Rob Gutro The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite captured infrared imagery of Hurricane Sandy's eastern half on Oct. 25 at 0559 UTC (1:59 a.m. EDT) that showed some strong thunderstorms around the eye of Sandy. Sandy then became a ferocious Nor'easter that brought record storm surges to coastal N.J. and N.Y., plus blizzard conditions to the mountains. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Strong wind shear, which disrupts the formation of cyclones, as well as a lack of weather disturbances favorable for development in the South Atlantic Ocean, make any strong tropical system extremely rare, and Hurricane Catarina in 2004 is the only recorded South Atlantic hurricane in history. ⺠View larger image NASA and NOAA Satellite Imagery Reveal Sandy's Super-Size Flood and flash flood watches and warnings are in effect over portions of the Mid-Atlantic and northeastern states. Hurricanes form only in the tropics where extremely moist air and heat are concentrated over the ocean, near the equator. Some intense convective storms near the center of circulation dropping rain at a rate of about 50 mm (~2 inches) per hour. Radar reflectivity values of a little over 45.8dBZ were found in these storms indicating that there were moderate to heavy rain showers in that area. The National Weather Service map for Nov. 2, 2012 showed two areas of low pressure over eastern Canada, near Quebec. Both photographs were taken by the Remote Sensing Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A Tropical Storm Warning is in effect for Haiti, the Central Bahamas, and the Northwestern Bahamas. At 11 a.m. EDT, tropical-storm-force winds extended up to 140 miles (220 km) from the center, making Sandy more than 280 miles in diameter. The peak speed … The eyewall appeared somewhat compact with its 40 km (24.8 miles) diameter. "Bride of Frankenstorm" NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite can measure rainfall from space. Nova PBS Video Inside the Megastorm Question set 1 1. Hurricane Sandy passed over the islands of Jamaica and Cuba causing at least 21 deaths. NASA's TRMM satellite identified heavy rain falling within the system and NOAA's GOES satellites provided a picture of Sandy's massive size. Maximum sustained winds are now near 85 mph. Sandy's Wind, Rain, Storm Surge It begins when Tropical Depression 18 strengthened into Hurricane Sandy on Oct. 23, 2012. A Tropical Storm Warning is in effect for the Florida East Coast from Sebastian Inlet to Saint Augustine, South Santee River to Duck including Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, and Great Abaco and Grand Bahama Islands. NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the Terra satellite captured this visible image of Hurricane Sandy over the Bahamas on Oct. 25 at 1530 UTC (11:30 a.m. EDT). CloudSat overpassed an estimated 137 miles (220 kilometers) to the west of Sandy's storm center, which at the time of the overpass was still over the Atlantic Ocean. The Sahara, whose land mass is almost that of the continental United States, is the largest “hot” desert in the world.It is also the second largest desert overall and covers 10 percent of the African continent. As a storm moves over the ocean, it pulls in energy from the water's surface. Oct. 26, 2012, second update - NASA Sees Hurricane Sandy as the "Bride of Frankenstorm" Approaching U.S. East Coast The higher the thunderstorms that make up a tropical cyclone, the stronger the overall storm, and the heavier the rainfall in those areas of highest cloud tops. Cloud cover extends far to the west. The National Hurricane Center noted that "hurricane conditions expected on Wed. Hurricane conditions are also possible in eastern Cuba by Wed. night. That low pressure area is associated with Sandy's remnants. This change in wind speed and direction can limit storm formation and strengthening. A nearly continuous area of light and moderate precipitation stretches across the mid-Atlantic region. The weather system that would eventually become the named hurricane initially formed in the southern Atlantic ocean and did minor damage in Brazil as an uncategorized storm. Oct. 25, 2012, second update - NASA's Terra Satellite Shows Larger Hurricane Sandy Over Bahamas CloudSat, flying in formation with the A-TRAIN constellation of satellites, provides detailed radar observations of clouds including the vertical distribution of precipitation and cloud structure. The AIRS instrument aboard Aqua captured two infrared images of Sandy on Oct. 30 at 2:11 a.m. stitched together that showed the storm's clouds (blue and purple) over the Ohio Valley and upper Midwest, stretching into Canada. Some flooding was also caused by long periods of heavy rainfall that made rivers and streams overflow their banks. This was about 260 miles (415 km) south-southeast of New York City, and 205 miles (330 km) southeast of Atlantic City, N.J. Sandy was moving north-northwest at 18 mph. The MODIS image revealed strong thunderstorms in its southern arm, positioned over the Dominican Republic and Haiti, and eastern Puerto Rico. "Hurricanes very rarely cross over from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic basin; most of the hurricanes that have crossed over, records show, have taken a path from … NASA's MODIS instrument aboard the Terra satellite captured this visible image of Hurricane Sandy over the Bahamas on Oct. 25 at 1530 UTC (11:30 a.m. EDT). Tropical storm winds are expected to reach Jamaica during the night-time hours of Oct. 23 or early morning hours on Wed. Oct. 24. To measure those cloud top temperatures, NASA uses the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. [image-572] Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific Ocean are typhoons. Sandy will approach the coast of the mid-Atlantic for a landfall late Monday night, Oct. 28. As a result there are high wind warnings and flood watches up and down the mid-Atlantic coast and northeastern United States that extend quite a distance inland, and are too numerous to mention. Rainfall totals of over ~ 7 inches are also shown over land in many areas near the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to South Carolina. This 3-D view of Hurricane Sandy was created from NASA's TRMM satellite on the Oct. 26, also using TRMM Precipitation Radar data that showed that the thunderstorms north of Sandy's center of circulation reached heights of a little above ~6.8 mile. Finally, he noted, there is likely to be heavy wet snow into the inland and higher elevations of the effected region. In Florida, local hurricane statements have been issued for Miami, Jacksonville, Melbourne and Key West. Text credit: Rob Gutro The strongest winds are being experienced now in the Great Lakes Region. NOAA/HPC Provided Selected Rainfall Totals from the Storm: Dorian developed rather quickly on Saturday as it had become Tropical Depression Five in the morning morning. The center of the storm was moving through the Bahamas, and the northwestern edge had already spread clouds over southern Florida. The center of Tropical Storm Sandy was located near latitude 13.4 north and longitude 77.9 west, about 325 miles (525 km) south-southwest of Kingston, Jamaica. Dr. Marshall Shepherd who works with TRMM data provided an insight into the storm's development. For more information about rainfall, winds and storm surge, visit the National Hurricane Center website at www.nhc.noaa.gov. The combination is expected to bring heavy rainfall and tropical-storm-force sustained winds for a couple of days to the mid-Atlantic and northeastern United States, and cause flooding, downed trees and power outages. NASA's 3-D Look at Tropical Storm Sandy See why nearly a quarter of a million subscribers begin their day with the Starting 5. Oct. 24, 2012 - NASA Sees Tropical Storm Sandy Approaching Jamaica. High tides that occurred at the same time also magnified the effects of the storm swell. According to the National Hurricane Center, hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 175 miles (280 km) from the center and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 485 miles (780 km). "When that boils down to storm surge, Katrina was capable of generating a locally higher surge, but Sandy was capable of generating a destructive surge over a larger length of coastline." At that time, it was centered about 65 miles (100 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica, near 17.1 North and 76.7 West. Because Sandy is coming from the south, the conditions will deteriorate from south to north, with Washington, D.C. feeling the worst effects first. The National Hurricane Center bulletin on Oct. 29 at 8 a.m. EDT, noted that rainfall totals of 3 to 6 inches are expected over far northeastern N.C. with isolated maximum totals of 8 inches possible. On Oct. 28 at 8 a.m. EDT (1200 UTC) Sandy's maximum sustained winds were still near 75 mph (120 kph). It was located near 13.5 North latitude and 78.0 West longitude, about 320 miles (515 km) south-southwest of Kingston, Jamaica. A tropical storm watch has been issued for Jamaica. Both areas can see isolated higher totals. NASA's Aqua satellite provided an infrared view of the cloud tops and NOAA's GOES-13 satellite showed the extent of the storm. According to the National Hurricane Center, at 11 a.m. EDT on Thursday, Oct. 25, Hurricane Sandy's maximum sustained winds were near 105 mph (165 kph) with higher gusts. ⺠View larger image Strongest storms have the potential for the heaviest rainfall rates. Occasionally, a cluster of thunderstorms will break away from the ITCZ and organize into a more unified storm system. "This setup," Kottlowski added, "does not happen but maybe once every five to 10 years and to get a storm to fully develop is even more unusual. NHC noted that surge-related flooding depends on the relative timing of the surge and the tidal cycle and can vary greatly over short distances. Tropical Storm force winds extend almost 500 miles from the center making it almost 1,000 miles in diameter. Sandy is now headed toward the Bahamas and warnings and watches have already been posted for the mainland U.S. A Tropical Storm Watch is in effect for the Southeastern Bahamas, the Florida East Coast from Jupiter Inlet to Ocean Reef, the Florida Upper Keys from Ocean Reef to Craig Key, and Florida Bay. For weather warnings in your area, visit www.weather.gov and put in your zip code or city and state. Rainfall amounts of 4 to 8 inches are expected over portions of the mid-Atlantic states, including the Delmarva Peninsula, with isolated maximum amounts of 12 inches possible. News Tropical Storm Puerto Rico Hurricane. 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